From Pectra to Fusaka: How Ethereum’s protocol changed in 2025
Ethereum underwent significant protocol changes in 2025, marked by leadership restructuring and major upgrades like Pectra and Fusaka.Summary
Despite flat Ether prices, the Ethereum protocol saw major evolution in 2025, beginning with internal leadership restructuring at the Ethereum Foundation following community criticism. This led to Aya Miyaguchi becoming president and the creation of Etherealize. Technically, the year featured two major hard forks: Pectra in May, which introduced account abstraction (EIP-7702) and increased blob throughput, and Fusaka later in the year, which included PeerDAS for Layer 2 scaling. Alongside these upgrades, the foundation launched a "Trillion Dollar Security" initiative focusing on UX and safety, began reallocating treasury assets, and accelerated work on interoperability, privacy (culminating in Buterin's Kohaku proposal), and positioning Ethereum for decentralized AI infrastructure. The year concluded with the establishment of a predictable twice-yearly hard-fork schedule and the naming of the next upgrade, Hegota.
(Source：The Block)